Water quality for rural home supplying in the south of Brazil

Underground and surface water as a result of human activity are increasingly polluted. Mainly due to improper disposal of waste, discharge of effluents, among other actions that compromise the environment. The water analysis is necessary to determine and evaluate the situation of water supply to the population. This study evaluated the supply situation of three rural communities located in the south of Brazil, where the water is carried out through the abstraction of groundwater. Pastures, fields and remnants of native vegetation characterize the region. The water quality used to supply was what motivated the accomplishment of this work. The wells are unprotected in the middle of the pastures near to black cesspits and crops that use frequently agrochemicals. The water quality was characterized over one year by physicalchemical, microbiological and toxicological characteristics. The results were compared to water potability standards in Brazil. In order to ensure sanitary conditions for this population, environmental education actions were carried out given the importance of access the information. It follows that the resources analyzed need disinfection to ensure better and safer water supply.

Estudio de las características físico-químicas de las aguas del Balneario de Villavieja (Castellón) / Study of the physical‐chemical characteristics of the waters of Spa Villavieja (Castellón)

Las aguas de Villavieja (Castellón) han sido motivo de numerosos estudios, especialmente en el siglo XIX. Las características de sus aguas se determinaron mediante análisis realizados por distintos profesionales farmacéuticos o médicos, y se clasificaron en función de las costumbres de la época. Las del Balneario de Villavieja, Pozo Monlleó, son hipertermales ya que surgen a una temperatura de 40ºC; tienen un pH de 7,5. Se caracterizan por su mineralización fuerte, con un residuo seco a 180ºC superior a 1500 mg/l. Por su contenido salino, estas aguas se clasifican como cálcicas, magnésicas, muy duras y sulfatadas (AU)

The Waters of the have been studied widely, specialy in the 19th century. Their characteristics were analyzed by different professionals, and they were classified according to the customs of the time. The waters of Pozo Monlleó Villavieja (Castellón) Spa are hypertermic (> 40ºC), have a pH of 7.5. They have a high mineralization, with a residue content above 1500 mg/l. The waters are rich in calcium, magnesium and sulphates and can be considered as very hard water (AU)

La agrupación de balnearios de Villavieja (Castellón). Origen de sus aguas. Condicionantes geológicos e hidrogeológicos / Health spas Association of Villavieja (Castellón). Origin of their waters. Geological and hydrogeological area

La Agrupación de Balnearios de Villavieja, enclavada dentro del núcleo urbano de esta localidad de la provincia de Castellón, se sitúa en el sector suroriental de la comarca de La Plana. En dicho sector, coincidente con la ruptura de pendiente entre la zona llana que conforma La Plana y la montañosa de la sierra del Espadán, se encuentra una serie de manantiales y pozos con aguas de temperatura elevada y muy superior a la de zonas aledañas, circunstancia que ha permitido el aprovechamiento de alguna de estas fuentes naturales como balnearios desde la época romana. Por sus facies y alta temperatura el agua del actual Balneario presenta unas características especiales, motivo por el cual está catalogada por la legislación vigente como agua minero‐medicinal y termal. Por su litología, las formaciones geológicas en el entorno de las instalaciones presentan una permeabilidad significativa que permite la circulación y almacenamiento de las aguas subterráneas. Estas formaciones tienen especial interés por la composición de sus aguas y la alta temperatura que registran en algunas zonas. Las surgencias termales de La Vilavella están relacionadas con los acuíferos de areniscas ortocuarcíticas del tramo medio del Buntsandstein y de calizas y dolomías de la base del Muschelkalk, materiales que han sido afectados por intensos procesos tectónicos. En concreto, estas manifestaciones termales están especialmente asociadas a la presencia de dos grandes fracturas o conjunto de fracturas que hunden las formaciones del macizo mesozoico varios centenares de metros bajo la llanura de la Plana de Castellón. Dichas formaciones se alimentan de manera natural por infiltración directa del agua de lluvia, que recorren caminos diferentes según sea interceptada por sistemas de fallas y fracturas de menor o mayor profundidad. En este último caso, los circuitos son más largos con tiempos de residencia también más altos, por lo que las aguas adquieren progresivamente una mayor temperatura, debido al gradiente geotérmico, y diferente composición físico‐química condicionada por la litología de los materiales sobre los que transitan. Finalmente, ascienden a la superficie de forma rápida en ciertos puntos, o sectores especialmente favorables, a través de fracturas de gran entidad que minimizan, en mayor o menor grado, los procesos de mezcla con aguas más superficiales, más frías y menos mineralizadas. Todas estas circunstancias confluyen en el entorno de la localidad de La Vilavella, y son la causa de las particulares características físico‐químicas de las aguas aprovechadas por su Agrupación de Balnearios (AU)

La Villavella Health Spas Association is situated in the province of Castellón, in the township limit of La Vilavella in the Southeastern area of the Castellón plain surrounded by the township of Nules. In the connection between the plain and the mountain areas, there are several springs and some water wells, with warmer waters then the others in their surroundings. Some of these natural fountains are exploited as health spas since roman times. The actual spa has a special quality water because of its facies and high temperature classified, by the valid legislation, as a mineral‐medical and thermal water. The land lithology in the spa surroundings has an important permeability which the underground waters flow and store, making a big hydrogeological formation known as Sistema Sierra de Espadán‐Plana de Castellón, where a series of important aquifers are placed, like the Sierra de Espadán very interesting for their composition and high temperature waters in some places. The aquifer is made by sandstones belonged to the medium Buntsandstein section whose natural recharge is the rain infiltration or side flow from others formations. These waters will flow througth different channels depending on the faults or fractures system, ones deeper than others, meaning that some circuits are longer and deeper than others. Along that run, the waters have a different physical‐chemical composition due to the contact with different lithology materials and the temperature in the geothermical gradient. These reasons fixe the physical‐chemical characteristics of the waters on the well‐drilling exploited by the La Vilavella Spa Association, different from the natural ones that rise in other area surroundings (AU)

Aspectos físico-químicos da água de criadouros de aedes aegypti em ambiente urbano e as implicações para o controle da dengue / Physical and chemical aspects of water from Aedes aegypti breeding sites in the urban environment and the implications for dengue control

O dengue é uma doença infecciosa cujo agente é um arbovírus que tem quatro sorotipos. Apesar da existência de vacina em fase experimental e com resultados promissores, ela ainda não está disponível para a população em geral. Portanto, o controle é baseado na redução do vetor pela eliminação de criadouros do mosquito. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os tipos de criadouros e a água neles contida, visando aumentar o conhecimento sobre os recipientes colonizados por esta espécie e contribuir para o aprimoramento das ações de controle. Em 14 meses, entre outubro e abril de 2003 a 2005, foram coletadas larvas e pupas de culicídeos e aferidos o volume, o oxigênio dissolvido (OD),o pH, a condutividade elétrica e a temperatura da água dos recipientes. Foram também registradas as substâncias presentes na água dos recipientes que continham culicídeos por meio de verificação visual. Observou-se elevada taxa de variação de todos os parâmetros mensurados, assim como o encontro de imaturos em água com resíduo de óleo, ferrugem, tinta, sal e grande concentração de matéria orgânica. Tais resultados evidenciaram que o criadouro de Ae. aegypti não é mais o clássico“recipiente com água limpa”. Constatou-se, portanto, a necessidade de identificar e inspecionar novos recipientes antes não ocupados por esta espécie. Estes conhecimentos devem ser incluídos no conteúdo de cursos para agentes de saúde e em campanhas e programas de prevenção do dengue como contribuição para o enfrentamento do problema...

Dengue fever is an infectious disease whose agent is an arbovirus, which has four serotypes. Despitethe availability of a vaccine in an experimental stage and with promising results it is not yet available for the general population. Therefore, the control of dengue is still based on the reduction of vectordensity, eliminating containers with clean water that act as mosquito breeding sites. This studyaimed to evaluate the types of breeding sites and water with the purpose of better understandingthe containers colonized by this species and contributing to the improvement of control actions.In 14 months of collection, between October and April from 2003 to 2005, larvae and pupae werecollected and the following variables were measured: volume, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, electricalconductivity and temperature of the water from the breeding sites. High rates of variation wereobserved for all measured parameters and larvae were recorded in water containing oil residue, rust,paint, salt and a high concentration of organic matter. These results show that the breeding sites ofAe. aegypti are not the classic “containers with clean water”. These findings bring more difficultiesand other implications for vector control. It is suggested that such knowledge should be included inthe content of courses for health workers, as well as in campaigns and dengue prevention programs,helping to address the problem...

Prokaryotic community structure in algal photosynthetic biofilms from extreme acidic streams in Río Tinto (Huelva, Spain)

Four algal photosynthetic biofilms were collected from the Río Tinto (SW Spain) at four localities: AG, Euglena and Pinnularia biofilms; ANG, Chlorella and Pinnularia biofilms; RI, Cyanidium and Dunaliella biofilms; and CEM, Cyanidium, Euglena and Pinnularia biofilms. Community composition and structure were studied by a polyphasic approach consisting of 16S rRNA analysis, scanning electron microscopy by back-scattered electron detection mode (SEM-BSE), and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). Acidophilic prokaryotes associated with algal photosynthetic biofilms included sequences related to the Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria (phylum Proteobacteria) and to the phyla Nitrospira, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes. Sequences from the Archaea domain were also identified. No more than seven distinct lineages were detected in any biofilm, except for those from RI, which contained fewer groups of Bacteria. Prokaryotic communities of the thinnest algal photosynthetic biofilms (-100 microm) were more related to those in the water column, including Leptospirillum populations. In general, thick biofilms (200 microm) generate microniches that could facilitate the development of less-adapted microorganisms (coming from the surrounding environment) to extreme conditions, thus resulting in a more diverse prokaryotic biofilm (AU)

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